„The IEA’s survey in 2016 (PIRLS) showed that the reading skills of 10 year-olds remain strong and unchanged compared to 2011. The main factors influencing reading skills are: (1) reading knowledge before entering school, (2) reading as a leisure activity, and (3) the family background (Kaisa Leino et al, 2017).”
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), Education and Training Monitor 2018 (2018), S. 94.