In most countries, the association between participation in ECEC and students’ outcomes at age 15 is positive …

„Data from PISA shed light on the association between participation in ECEC and students’ outcomes at age 15 and its evolution over time. In most countries, this association is positive, meaning that children who have attended ECEC for more than two years have higher performance scores in mathematics at age 15.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Starting Strong. Reducing Inequalities by Investing in Early Childhood Education and Care (2025), S. 27f.