Children who attend preschool have higher PISA reading scores at 15 years old …

„Children who attend preschool have higher PISA reading scores at 15 years old, even after accounting for socio-economic background. The benefit of preschool after that account is almost a year of schooling in the EU (37 points) for children of immigrants, who benefit much more from ECEC than their peers with native-born parents (15 points only).“
OECD (Hrsg.), Indicators of Immigrant Integration 2023 (2023), S. 174.