„In PISA 2018, girls outperformed boys in reading by 25 points after accounting for students’ socio-economic backgrounds. However, boys’ average index of perception of the difficulty of the PISA test was significantly lower than girls, meaning boys reported that they felt the test was easier than what girls reported. […] Students’ perceptions of how good (or bad) they are at reading, and more generally, how competent they are, have important ramifications. They influence how well students motivate themselves, set goals and persevere in the face of difficulties. These are critical qualities for improving reading skills, which require persistent practice.“
OECD (Hrsg.), 21st-Century Readers (2021), S. 106.