Cross-national differences in the SES gradient (Anm.: Socioeconomic status) are already apparent at the end of primary school and these differentials exhibit stability over time …

„Cross-national differences in the SES gradient are already apparent at the end of primary school and these differentials exhibit stability over time – countries with high inequalities in primary school tend to have higher inequalities in secondary school.“
Dr. Jascha Dräger u. a., Cross-national differences in socioeconomic achievement inequality in early primary school: the role of parental education and income in six countries (2023), S. 7.