„In line with the previous research, we find positive and statistically significant associations between parental education and achievement in all countries and time points. Notably, social inequality in achievement is already substantial when children are only 5 years of age, a point in time by which they are not yet in school in Germany and have just started school in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Overall, we find the social gradient at age 5 to be highest in Germany.“
Dr. Giampiero Passaretta u. a., Is Social Inequality in School-Age Achievement Generated before or during Schooling? A European Perspective. In: European Sociological Review, 2022, 38, S. 856.